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1.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(supl.3): e00132415, 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-889814

ABSTRACT

Resumo: A produção de cigarros envolve uma série de substâncias e materiais além do próprio tabaco, do papel e do filtro. Os aditivos do tabaco incluem conservantes, flavorizantes, intensificadores, umectantes, açúcares e compostos de amônio. Embora as empresas produtoras de tabaco aleguem que os aditivos não aumentam a toxicidade da fumaça e não tornam os cigarros mais atraentes ou viciantes, tais alegações são contestadas por pesquisadores independentes. Os autores realizaram uma revisão dos estudos sobre os efeitos dos aditivos sobre a composição química e toxicidade da fumaça. Os aditivos elevam os níveis de formaldeído e causam pequenas alterações nos níveis de outros analitos medidos na fumaça. Estudos toxicológicos (testes de mutagenicidade e de citotoxicidade em células de mamíferos, estudos da exposição por 90 dias por via inalatória em ratos e ensaios do micronúcleo em células da medula óssea) indicaram que os aditivos do tabaco não aumentam a toxicidade da fumaça. Entretanto, é conhecido que os estudos em roedores falham em predizer o potencial carcinogênico da fumaça do cigarro, e os testes realizados tiveram poder estatístico insuficiente para detectar diferenças pequenas, porém relevantes do ponto de vista toxicológico, entre cigarros experimentais (com aditivos) e controles (sem aditivos). Em conclusão, esta revisão da literatura mostrou que o impacto dos aditivos na toxicidade da fumaça do tabaco ainda permanece por ser esclarecido.


Resumen: La producción de cigarrillos involucra un número de sustancias y materiales diferentes al tabaco en sí, papel y filtro. Los aditivos del tabaco incluyen aromas artificiales, potenciadores del sabor, humectantes, azúcares, y compuestos de amonio. A pesar de que las compañías sostienen que los aditivos del tabaco no aumentan la toxicidad del humo y no hacen los cigarrillos más atractivos y adictivos, estas afirmaciones son cuestionadas por investigadores independientes. Este trabajo ha revisado los estudios sobre los efectos de los aditivos del tabaco en la química del humo y su toxicidad. Los aditivos del tabaco conllevan niveles más altos de formaldehído y otros cambios menores en los análisis realizados del humo. Estudios toxicológicos (tests de mutagenicidad en bacterias y citotoxicidad en mamíferos, ensayos de inhalación en ratas 90 días y células del micronúcleo de la médula ósea) mostraron que los aditivos del tabaco no aumentaron la toxicidad del humo. Los ensayos de roedores, sin embargo, no predijeron adecuadamente la carcinogenicidad del humo del tabaco, y no eran claramente suficientes para dar a conocer, sin embargo, las pequeñas, pero toxicológicamente relevantes, diferencias entre el test (con/aditivos del tabaco) y control (sin/aditivos del tabaco) en cigarrillos. Esta revisión de la literatura nos lleva a la conclusión de que el impacto dañino de los aditivos del tabaco en el humo continúa estando poco claro.


Abstract: Cigarette production involves a number of substances and materials other than just tobacco, paper and a filter. Tobacco additives include flavorings, enhancers, humectants, sugars, and ammonium compounds. Although companies maintain that tobacco additives do not enhance smoke toxicity and do not make cigarettes more attractive or addictive, these claims are questioned by independent researchers. This study reviewed the studies on the effects of tobacco additives on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Tobacco additives lead to higher levels of formaldehyde and minor changes in other smoke analytes. Toxicological studies (bacterial mutagenicity and mammalian cytoxicity tests, rat 90 days inhalation studies and bone-marrow cell micronucleus assays) found that tobacco additives did not enhance smoke toxicity. Rodent assays, however, poorly predicted carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and were clearly underpowered to disclose small albeit toxicologically relevant differences between test (with tobacco additives) and control (without tobacco additives) cigarettes. This literature review led to the conclusion that the impact of tobacco additives on tobacco smoke harmfulness remains unclear.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Rats , Smoke/analysis , Tobacco/toxicity , Tobacco Industry , Tobacco Products/toxicity , Tobacco/chemistry , Carbon Monoxide/analysis , Tobacco Products/analysis , Flavoring Agents/analysis , Formaldehyde/analysis , Lead/analysis , Nicotine/analysis
2.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 33(2): 118-130, 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042616

ABSTRACT

Los cigarrillos electrónicos (Cig-e) son dispositivos que contienen un líquido compuesto por un solvente, saborizantes y, en la mayoría de los casos, nicotina. Este liquido, al ser calentado en el dispositivo, se vaporiza, siendo aspirado por el usuario. En los últimos años, el uso de los Cig-e ha aumentado rápidamente, especialmente entre escolares y gente joven, sin existir hasta el día de hoy evidencias ciertas sobre su seguridad y efectos a largo plazo. En este artículo revisamos la evidencia existente en cuanto a los efectos y seguridad de cada uno de los componentes de los Cig-e y analizamos sus potenciales indicaciones en distintos escenarios clínicos.


Electronic cigarettes (Cig-e) are devices that contain a liquid composed of a solvent, flavors and, in most cases, nicotine. This liquid, when heated in the device, vaporizes, being aspirated by the user. In recent years, the use of Cig-e has increased rapidly, especially among schoolchildren and young people, with no clear evidence of safety and long-term effects to date. In this article we review the existing evidence regarding the effects and safety of each of the components of Cig-e and analyze their potential indications in different clinical scenarios.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Use Cessation/methods , Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems , Safety , Solvents/administration & dosage , Solvents/analysis , Nebulizers and Vaporizers , Maternal Exposure , Aerosols/administration & dosage , Aerosols/analysis , Flavoring Agents , Nicotine/administration & dosage , Nicotine/analysis
3.
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health ; : 144-149, 2014.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-180322

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Nicotine is a natural alkaloid and insecticide in tobacco leaves. Green tobacco sickness (GTS) is known as a disease of acute nicotine intoxication among tobacco farmers. Until now, GTS has been recognized globally as a disease that results from nicotine absorption through the skin. However, we assumed that GTS might also result from nicotine inhalation as well as absorption. We aimed to measure the airborne nicotine concentrations in various work environments of Korean tobacco farmers. METHODS: We measured the nicotine concentrations in the tobacco fields, private curing barns, and joint curing barns of farmers from July to October 2010. All sampling and analyses of airborne nicotine were conducted according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health manual of analytic methods. RESULTS: The airborne nicotine concentrations (geometric mean [geometric standard deviation]) in the tobacco field were 83.4 mg/m3 (1.2) in the upper region and 93.3 mg/m3 (1.2) in the lower region. In addition, the nicotine concentration by personal sampling was 150.1 mg/m3. Similarly, the nicotine concentrations in the private curing barn, workers in curing barns, the front yard of the curing barn, and in the joint curing barn were 323.7 mg/m3 (2.0), 121.0 mg/m3 (1.5), 73.7 mg/m3 (1.7), and 610.3 mg/m3 (1.0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The nicotine concentration in the workplaces of tobacco farmers was very high. Future studies should measure the environmental concentration of nicotine that is inhaled by tobacco farmers.


Subject(s)
Humans , Agriculture , Air Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Monitoring , Nicotine/analysis , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Tobacco , Workplace
4.
Salud pública Méx ; 54(3): 293-302, mayo-jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-626702

ABSTRACT

En 2002, Brasil se convirtió en el primer país de la región en implementar etiquetas de advertencias sanitarias con pictogramas en los paquetes de cigarrillos. Desde la adopción del CMCT de la OMS en 2005, otros nueve países adoptaron advertencias con pictogramas y seis más aprobaron legislación cuya implementación está pendiente. El contenido del mensaje y el estilo del pictograma varían entre los países. Diecisiete países prohibieron descriptores de marca y nueve requieren una advertencia cualitativa con información de constituyentes y emisiones. Un importante progreso se ha alcanzado en la región desde 2005. Sin embargo, los países ratificantes del CMCT aún no han implementado todas las recomendaciones de las Directrices del Artículo 11.


In 2002, Brazil became the first country in the region to implement pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages. Since the adoption of the FCTC/WHO in 2005, nine more countries adopted pictorial labels and six passed legislation that is pending of implementation. The message content and the picture style vary across countries. Seventeen countries have banned brand descriptors and nine require a qualitative label with information on constituents and emissions. Since 2005, important progress has been achieved in the region. However, countries that have ratified the FCTC have not yet implemented all the recommendations of Article 11 Guidelines.


Subject(s)
Humans , Product Labeling/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Tobacco , Advertising/legislation & jurisprudence , Advertising/standards , Art , Carbon Monoxide/analysis , Caribbean Region , Guidelines as Topic , Latin America , Nicotine/analysis , Product Labeling/standards , Public Policy , Smoking/adverse effects , Tobacco/chemistry , Truth Disclosure
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(12): 1517-1523, dic. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-583048

ABSTRACT

Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is an established cause of morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. The workplace is an important source of exposure, especially among workers of restaurants, bars and nightclubs. Aim: To estimate the daily occupational exposure to SHS among non-smoking workers of bars and restaurants of Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Environmental vapor-phase nico-tine was measured for 95 non-smoking workers of bars and restaurants of Santiago, using passive personal samplers during a daily work shift and outside the workplace. Results: The median occupational exposure to air nicotine was 9.18 µg/m³ (P25-P75 3.15-25.67 µg/m³). Higher concentrations were found among workers of places with no smoking restrictions (22.72 µg/m³; P25-P75 5.73-34.85 µg/m³), bar workers (20.75 µg/m³, P25-P75 5.03-44.67 µg/m³), waiters (20.57 µg/m³, PP25-P75 5.66-42.73 µg/m3) and bartenders (10.37 µg/m³, P25-P75 9.75-25.67 µg/m³). The median concentration of nicotine outside the workplace was 1.79 µg/m³ (P25-P75 1.02-3.00 µg/m³). Occupational exposure was 4.77 times higher compared to the non-work exposure. Conclusions: Workers of bars and restaurants are exposed to high levels of SHS at the workplace. Moreover, occupational exposure among these non-smoking workers is, in most cases, the main source of daily exposure to this pollutant.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis , Nicotine/analysis , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Restaurants , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Air Pollutants, Occupational/toxicity , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis , Workplace/classification , Workplace/statistics & numerical data
6.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(supl.2): S138-S148, 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-571806

ABSTRACT

Secondhand smoke (SHS) contains toxicants and carcinogens that are known to cause premature death and disease. Objectively measuring SHS exposure can support and evaluate smoke-free legislations. In Latin America, the most commonly used methods to measure SHS exposure are airborne nicotine and respirable suspended particles (PM2.5). Here we present results from studies conducted in public places and homes across Latin American countries. Airborne nicotine was detected in most locations between 2002-2006, before the implementation of 100 percent smoke-free legislation in Uruguay, Panama, Guatemala and other large cities within Latin America. Between 2006 and 2008, PM2.5 levels were found to be five times higher in places where smoking was present at the time of sampling compared to those without smoking. Measuring SHS exposure across Latin America has increased our understanding of the magnitude of exposure in this region and results have been used to effectively promote smoke-free legislation.


El humo de tabaco (HT) contiene tóxicos y carcinógenos que causan muerte prematura y enfermedades. La medición objetiva de la exposición en el ambiente a HT puede apoyar y evaluar las legislaciones que prohiben fumar. Aquí presentamos resultados de estudios realizados en lugares públicos y hogares latinoamericanos usando los métodos más comunes para esta exposición: nicotina y partículas respirables (PM2.5). Se detectó nicotina en el aire de la mayoría de los lugares muestreados entre 2002-2006, antes de la ejecución de la legislación 100 por ciento libre de humo en Uruguay, Panamá, y Guatemala. Entre 2006-2008, los niveles de PM2.5 resultaron ser cinco veces mayores en lugares donde personas fumaban comparado con lugares sin fumadores. Medir la exposición al HT en América Latina ha aumentado nuestra comprensión de la magnitud de la exposición en esta región y ha servido para promover eficazmente legislación libre de humo de tabaco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Exposure/prevention & control , Environmental Monitoring , Health Promotion , Smoking/prevention & control , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Air Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation , Equipment Design , Latin America , Nicotine/analysis , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis
8.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 23(4): 322-327, out.-dez. 2008. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-524878

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Os benefícios da interrupção do tabagismo previamente à cirurgia ainda nãoestão bem definidos. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da interrupção da nicotina em um retalhocutâneo, por meio da fluxometria a laser e com picrosirius. Método: Foram utilizados 56 ratos,divididos em grupos expostos à nicotina 2mg/kg/dia, e a 0,5mg/kg/dia, e somente à soluçãosalina. Os animais foram subdivididos de acordo com o tempo de exposição, em 1 e 2 semanasde interrupção previamente à cirurgia e tratamento ininterrupto até 10 dias do pós-operatório.Após o 10º dia, foram avaliados os retalhos cutâneos do dorso do animal, por meio defluxometria a laser, formação de colágeno, e diferenciação em maduro e imaturo, pelopicrosirius. Resultados: A fluxometria foi maior no controle e nos grupos de baixas doses.A interrupção da droga mostrou aumento da fluxometria somente nos grupos de baixa dose.A proporção de colágeno maduro para imaturo foi inversamente proporcional à dose e aotempo de exposição à droga. Conclusões: A nicotina prejudica a evolução de um retalhocutâneo do dorso de ratos, sendo dependente da dose. O tempo de interrupção altera afluxometria e a proporção de formação de colágeno, quando dada em baixa dose.


Introduction: The benefits of the interruption of the tabagism previously the surgery not yet wellare defined. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the influence of the interruptionof exposure to nicotine on a cutaneous flap, by laser flowmetry and picrosirius. Method: 56 rats wereused, divided in groups and administred nicotine 2mg/kg/day, 0,5mg/kg/day and just saline solution.Animals were subdivided according to exposure time to the drug, that is, in one and two weeks’interruption prior to surgery, and constant treatment up to ten days after surgical procedure. Theywere organized in seven groups. A cutaneous flap was performed on the animals’ dorsum and onthe tenth day of PO the laser flow measurement and the formation of collagen and its differentiationin mature and immature by picrosirius. Results: The flowmetry was bigger in the control and thegroups of low doses. The interruption of the drug only showed increase of the flowmetry in thegroups of low dose. The ratio of mature colageno for immature was inversely proportional to the doseand the time of exposition to the drug. Conclusion: The nicotine harms the evolution of a remnantcutaneous of the back of rats, being dependent of the dose. The interruption time modifies theflowmetry and the ratio of formation of colageno, when given in low dose.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Back , Collagen/analysis , Laser-Doppler Flowmetry , Nicotine/analysis , Picrates/analysis , Surgical Flaps , Methods , Regional Blood Flow , Skin Tests , Methods , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
9.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-51728

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the nicotine content of some popular Indian brands of smoking tobacco (cigarettes and bidis) and pan masalas (chewable tobacco). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Commercially available cigarettes, bidis, and pan masalas (chewable tobacco) were obtained from local retail outlets for the study. Nicotine was estimated using gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The analyses showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in tobacco from bidis (26.9 mg gm) as compared to cigarettes(15 mg/gm); the difference is statistically significant ( P P > 0.01). Nicotine concentration in chewing tobacco was 3.4 mg/gm. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that the nicotine content of Indian brands of smoking tobacco was slightly high compared to other international brands. Higher concentration of nicotine was found in bidis compared to cigarettes. The nicotine content in commercially available chewing tobacco products was found to be much lower than in the smoking form of tobacco, but the average daily consumption made it comparable to the smoking form.


Subject(s)
Chromatography, Gas , Filtration , Humans , India , Nicotine/analysis , Product Labeling , Tobacco/chemistry
10.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 68(1): 48-54, ene.-feb. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633514

ABSTRACT

Argentina y Uruguay están entre los países con mayor proporción de mujeres jóvenes fumadoras. Se desconoce cuál es la proporción exacta de ellas que fuman durante el embarazo así como las características de las que dejan de fumar y las que continúan fumando durante el embarazo. Realizamos una encuesta administrada por un/a entrevistador/a a 1512 mujeres embarazadas de 18 años o mayores (796 en Argentina; 716 en Uruguay), que concurrían a control prenatal en hospitales públicos de grandes conglomerados urbanos. 44% de las mujeres en Argentina y 53% en Uruguay habían sido o eran fumadoras. Durante el embarazo, 11% de las mujeres en Argentina y 18% en Uruguay continuaron fumando. En ambos países, la proporción de mujeres que vive con fumadores, permite fumar en el hogar y regularmente o siempre se encuentra en lugares cerrados con personas que estén fumando fue 49%, 46% y 20% entre las mujeres que nunca fumaron, 67%, 60% y 32% entre las que dejaron, y 78%, 75% y 52% entre las que continuaron fumando respectivamente. El estudio confirma un importante problema de salud pública y documenta que la exposición ambiental persiste en subgrupos de mujeres, aun en aquéllas que dejaron de fumar. Es importante que el sector de salud pública provea acceso a programas efectivos para dejar de fumar durante el embarazo. Cualquier nueva intervención a desarrollar que intente tener un éxito al menos moderado y sostenible, debiera incluir componentes que actúen sobre el entorno fumador de la mujer embarazada que fuma.


Argentina and Uruguay are among the countries in which a large proportion of young women smoke. The rate of smokers during pregnancy in both countries is not well known, and data on the characteristics of women who quit smoking during pregnancy compared to those who continue smoking are not available. We conducted a survey including 1512 pregnant women >18 years old (796 in Argentina; 716 in Uruguay), during antenatal visits in public hospitals of large urban regions; 44% of the women in Argentina and 53% in Uruguay had been or were regular smokers. 11% of the surveyed women in Argentina and 18% in Uruguay continued smoking during pregnancy. In both countries, the proportion of women who lived with smokers, allowed smoking at home, and were regularly or always exposed to tobacco smoke indoors, were 49%, 46% and 20% in the subgroup of women who never smoked, 67%, 60% and 32% in those who quit, and 78%, 75% and 52% in those who continued smoking, respectively. The study confirms a serious public health problem in both countries, and documents that environmental exposure persists in subgroups of women, even in those who quit smoking. It is important that the public health sector should provide access to effective programs for smoking cessation, to women who smoke during pregnancy. For the development of a new program, any intervention intending to have at least a moderate and sustainable success, it should seriously consider including components targeting the smoking environment of the pregnant women who smoke.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Maternal Welfare , Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/epidemiology , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Argentina/epidemiology , Nicotine/analysis , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Saliva/chemistry , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/psychology , Urban Population , Uruguay/epidemiology
11.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(supl.2): s205-s212, 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-454166

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: La legislación mexicana considera como espacios libres de humo de tabaco a muchos lugares públicos. Sin embargo, no existen evaluaciones de la exposición a humo de tabaco ambiental que permitan medir el cumplimiento de las leyes ni identificar espacios de oportunidad para el control de la exposición. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo cuantificar los niveles de nicotina ambiental en lugares públicos de la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Utilizando un protocolo común a otros países de América Latina, durante marzo de 2004 se colocaron monitores de difusión pasiva de nicotina en un hospital, dos escuelas, un edificio de oficinas públicas, un aeropuerto, siete restaurantes y tres bares de la Ciudad de México. Los monitores fueron analizados en la Universidad Johns Hopkins, donde la nicotina fue extraída y cuantificada usando cromatografía de gases con detección selectiva de nitrógeno. La concentración mediana de nicotina ambiental fue estimada por tipo de lugar y por área de restricción para fumar. RESULTADOS: Se detectó nicotina ambiental en todos los lugares públicos. Las mayores concentraciones se observaron en bares (6.01 µg/m³), restaurantes (0.69 µg/m³), aeropuerto (0.21 µg/m³) y oficinas públicas (0.10 æg/m³). Los grados de exposición fueron similares a los observados en otras ciudades de América Latina. CONCLUSIONES: Las concentraciones de nicotina en el aeropuerto y las oficinas públicas reflejan la falta de cumplimiento con la legislación vigente en México. Las concentraciones de nicotina registradas en bares y restaurantes evidencian la necesidad de impulsar medidas legislativas que establezcan a estos sitios como lugares públicos y de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco.


OBJECTIVE: Mexican legislation considers many public places as smoke-free spaces. However, no environmental tobacco smoke exposure assessment studies exist to evaluate compliance with governmental regulations and to identify opportunities for tobacco control. The main objective of this study is to quantify airborne nicotine concentrations in public places in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During March 2004, nicotine passive monitors were allocated in a hospital, two schools, a public office building, an airport, seven restaurants, and three bars following a common protocol applied in other Latin American countries. Monitors were analyzed at the Johns Hopkins University, extracting the nicotine and quantifying it using nitrogen selective gas chromatography. Median concentrations of environmental nicotine were estimated by type of place and smoking restriction. RESULTS: Airborne nicotine was detected in all public places. The highest concentrations were observed in bars (6.01 µg/m³), restaurants (0.69 µg/m³), airport (0.21 µg/m³), and public offices (0.10 µg/m³). Nicotine exposure concentrations are similar to those previously observed in other capital cities of Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine levels in the airport and public offices reflect the lack of compliance with mandatory non-smoking official regulations in Mexico. High nicotine concentrations in bars and restaurants provide evidence for the need to advance smoke-free legislative action in these public and work places.


Subject(s)
Humans , Air Pollutants/analysis , Inhalation Exposure/analysis , Nicotine/analysis , Public Facilities , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis , Mexico , Urban Health
12.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(supl.2): s224-s232, 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-454168

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: En México no se han efectuado evaluaciones de la exposición al humo de tabaco ambiental en los hogares ni en sus habitantes. El objetivo de este estudio es cuantificar los niveles de nicotina ambiental en hogares de la Ciudad de México, evaluando simultáneamente los niveles de nicotina en el cabello de niños y mujeres. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En julio de 2005 se seleccionaron 41 hogares de la Ciudad de México a conveniencia, 20 por ciento sin fumadores y 80 por ciento con fumadores. Se colocaron monitores pasivos de nicotina en los hogares por una semana y se obtuvieron muestras de cabello de mujeres no fumadoras y niños para cuantificar nicotina. Las muestras fueron enviadas a la Universidad Johns Hopkins, donde la nicotina se extrajo y analizó con cromatografía de gases. De manera adicional, se aplicaron encuestas de opinión y conductas relacionadas con el humo de tabaco ambiental. RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones de nicotina ambiental tuvieron una mediana de 0.08 æg/m³ (RIC 0.01-0.64), en el cabello de los niños 0.05 ng/mg (RIC 0.05-0.29) y en el cabello de las mujeres 0.05 ng/mg (RIC 0.05-0.19). Las concentraciones de nicotina ambiental y en el cabello de los niños mostraron una correlación alta (rS=0.49), y se incrementó con el número de fumadores en el hogar. La mayoría de los encuestados apoya las medidas de control del humo de tabaco ambiental. CONCLUSIONES: Se observaron grados particularmente altos de exposición en niños atribuibles a la presencia de nicotina ambiental en el hogar. Deben implementarse acciones preventivas integrales para eliminar el tabaquismo activo y evitar el consumo de tabaco en el hogar.


OBJECTIVE: In Mexico no evaluation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in homes or habitants has been conducted. The objective of this study is to quantify environmental nicotine in Mexico City homes, simultaneously evaluating nicotine levels in children and women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In July 2005 a convenience sample of 41 homes was selected, 20 percent without smokers, 80 percent with smokers. Nicotine passive monitors were allocated in homes for one week, obtaining samples of hair from inhabitant non-smoking women and children. Samples were taken to the Johns Hopkins University where nicotine was extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography. A survey of opinions and behaviors related to environmental tobacco smoke was conducted. RESULTS: Environmental nicotine concentrations had a median of 0.08 µg/m3 (IQR 0.01-0.64), in children's hair 0.05 ng/mg (IQR 0.05-0.29), and in women's hair 0.05 ng/mg (IQR 0.05-0.19). Environmental nicotine concentrations and in childrenÆs hair were highly correlated (rS=0.49), and increased with the number of smokers at home. The majority of adults surveyed showed support towards measures of environmental tobacco smoke control. CONCLUSIONS: Homes are important spaces of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Particularly high levels of exposure were observed in children's hair, attributable to the presence of environmental nicotine at home. Integral preventive activities to eliminate active smoking and to avoid tobacco consumption at home are required.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Hair/chemistry , Inhalation Exposure/analysis , Nicotine/analysis , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis , Urban Health
13.
Araçatuba; s.n; 1999. 164 p. ilus. (BR).
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-271784

ABSTRACT

O processo de reparo do alvéolo dental tem sido alvo de muitos estudos no que diz respeito a sua cronologia normal, assim como sob a açäo de diferentes drogas aplicadas tanto sistêmica, quanto localmente. No presente experimento, o processo de reparo alveolar, subseqüente à extraçäo do incisivo superior direito, foi estudado em 80 ratos. Estes foram divididos em quatro grupos, sendo dois grupos controles que receberam, respectivamente, uma e duas doses diárias de soluçäo fisiológica de cloreto de sódio, e dois grupos tratados que receberam, respectivamente, uma e duas doses diárias de soluçäo de hemissulfato de nicotina. Todas as soluçöes foram aplicadas por via subcutânea, durante todo o período experimental, até o dia do sacrifício. Passados 3, 7, 15 e 28 dias após a exodontia, os animais foram sacrificados e as peças removidas receberam processamento laboratorial de rotina para obtençäo de cortes seriados, que foram corados pela hematoxilina e eosina para observaçäo em microscopia de luz. Os resultados evidenciaram, quando do uso da nicotina, retardo na cronologia dos eventos do processo de reparo, notadamente no que diz respeito à reorganizaçäo do tecido conjuntivo com conseqüente preenchimento mais lento de tecido ósseo; neoformaçäo vascular francamente prejudicada tanto na área de ossificaçäo quanto na do cório gengival. Todos esses fenômenos de reparo mostraram-se diretamente prejudicados em relaçäo à quantidade da droga aplicada


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Alveolar Process , Nicotine/administration & dosage , Nicotine/analysis , Tooth Extraction , Smoking
14.
Rev. méd. domin ; 59(3): 176-81, sept.-dic. 1998. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-269275

ABSTRACT

Con el propósito de estimar el contenido de nicotina y alquitrán de los cigarrillos que se venden en el mercado dominicano, se llevó a cabo una autoencuesta epidemiológica transversal entre estudiantes adolescentes de la educación secundaria tradicional de la ciudad de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. La autoencuesta fue dirigida a 1,418 estudiantes. Llenaron adecuadamente el autocuestionario. 1,391 alumnos, es decir, 98.1 por ciento. Se encontró un 28.0 por ciento de fumadores, 3.0 por ciento de ex-fumadores y 69.0 por ciento de no fumadores. Los estudiantes prefieren los cigarrillos con filtro (28.0//). La mayoría (26.8//) inhala el huno del cigarrillo (superficial o profundamente). El largo de la colilla varía significativamente según el tipo de cigarrillos: de cuatro cigarrillos con filtro uno es fumado enteramente y dos casi enteramente. Las cantidades promedios de alquitrán y nicotina inhaladas por cigarrillos aumenta proporcionalmente de manera significativa según el número de cigarrillos consumidos. Los grandes fumadores prefieren el tabaco rico en alquitrán y en nicotina. Ninguna de las marcas de cigarrillos fabricadas en el país, tenía impreso el contenido de alquitrán y de nicotina, en cambio, las importadas sí. Por último, se pudo constatar una disminución importante, 7.0 por ciento de fumadores, luego de informarles acerca del contenido de alquitrán y nicotina de los cigarrillos fumados


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Smoking/epidemiology , Coal Tar/analysis , Nicotine/analysis
16.
Rev. cuba. oncol ; 6(1): 84-7, ene.-abr. 1990. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-91561

ABSTRACT

Se realiza un estudio en varias marcas de cigarrillos cubanos para determinar los niveles de nicotina. Se encontraron niveles promedios de 0,68 - 0,99 *g/cigarrillo en las diferentes marcas de cigarrillo rubio y entre 0,99 -1,39 *g/cigarrillo en las marcas de cigarrillo negro. Se resalta la importancia del contenido nicotínico en los cigarrillos, como precursor específico de nitrosaminas cancerígenas. Los niveles promedios obtenidos son aceptable dentro de los rangos emitidos por varias organizaciones internacionales


Subject(s)
Neoplasms , Nicotine/analysis , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects
17.
Indian J Cancer ; 1989 Dec; 26(4): 227-32
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-50073

ABSTRACT

Standard emission levels of total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine in bidi and cigarette smoke were compared with exposure levels based on smoking behaviour of smokers in Bombay. Bombay cigarette smokers are getting much higher amount of carcinogenic dry TPM (28 to 79%) and nicotine (31 to 104%), compared to standard machine estimates. In the case of regular bidi (60 mm) harmful ingredients like dry TPM decreased from 11 to 15 percent and nicotine increased from 11 to 22 percent, whereas long bidi (80 mm) delivered higher amount of dry TPM (14 to 22%) and nicotine (33 to 37%) in smokers in Bombay compared to standard machine estimates.


Subject(s)
Equipment and Supplies , Humans , India , Nicotine/analysis , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis
18.
Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci ; 1985 Jul-Sep; 27(3): 148-52
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-29664
19.
LIma; s.n; 1984. 64 p. tab, graf. (T-3203).
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-186976

ABSTRACT

El consumo de nicotina y/o psicofármacos, tienen efectos perjudiciales sobre la salud materna, fetal y neonatal. Hoy en día el consumo de tabaco es muy frecuente y las estadísticas indican que el tabaquismo gana terreno entre las mujeres, esta variación en las actitudes de ellas ha permitido comprobar un impacto significativo sobre la función reproductora y sobre el embarazo. De otro lado se ha demostrado que la farmacodependencia de mujeres gestantes puede causar síntomas de abtinencia o de necesidad en el recien nacido. Recientemente se ha visto que drogas como las benzodiazepinas, barbitúricos producen sintomalogia de abstinencia y pueden producir la muerte súbita infantil. En el presente trabajo se investigó la presencia de nicotina y/o psicofármacos en 50 muestras de orina de madres gestantes, empleándose el método de extracción ácida y alcalina, con un solvente orgánico el éter etílico, la C.C.F., usando como soporte la silicagel 6F-254 y reacciones de coloración para su identificación, para las benzadiazepinas se utilizó la reacción de Diazotación. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la técnica utilizada permite indicar satisfactoriamente la presencia de éstos; así mismo, se ha encontrado un 2 por ciento de nicotina y 18 por ciento de psicofarmacos de las muestras.


Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Nicotine/analysis , Nicotine/pharmacology , Psychopharmacology , Substance-Related Disorders
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